键摄基础2:焦距/视场角,裁切系数
焦距事镜头的一个最重要的参数。基本,不管谁开始学摄影肯定是逃不了这东西,所以镜头的焦距究竟是什么?
镜头焦距并不是描述一只镜头的物理上的焦距。镜头的焦距的定义是镜头的光学中心到传感器的距离。稍稍简化一下镜头的模型,那么但凡是一个初中毕业生应该都能看出来,镜头的焦距实际上是和像距类似的概念。
类似的,上过初中大概画一下薄透镜的成像,这里就能得到第一个结论:镜头的焦距决定了像的大小,成像系统的对角线视场大小也等同于传感器对角线和光学中心成的夹角。
这个夹角的大小明显决定于焦距和传感器对角线的长度。当你把焦距增加一倍,像的大小就会增加一倍,要达到相同视场就需要传感器的尺寸也增加一倍。这也就是裁切系数的基础,裁切系数就是全画幅传感器的对角线长度/实际传感器的对角线长度。通过将镜头的焦距*裁切系数,就可以知道相同视场角下,全画幅镜头的焦距,也就是等效全画幅焦距,这其实是一种对光学中心和传感器对角线的夹角的表示。这说到底就是一个最简单的几何问题,我觉得这个就不需要我另外讲了,只能说啊,还要学习一个,提高自己的姿势水平。
在掌握了三角函数以后,那知道传感器对角线长度和焦距,就可以计算出具体的视场大小。当然,实际的镜头设计要逼着复杂多了,这种方式并不能计算出到鱼眼镜头这种程度的视场大小。很明显,这个模型的结果很单纯,视场大小不可能大于等于180度,但是鱼眼镜头可要比这大。但是对于焦距比等效于全画幅12mm还要长的情况,都是比较靠谱的。这里我就编程了一个,计算了一些相对比较典型的等效全画幅焦距的视角大小:
focal length (mm) | 14 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 35 | 50 | 75 | 85 | 135 | 200 | 300 |
viewing angle (degree) | 114.182 | 107.027 | 84.0622 | 75.3804 | 63.4399 | 46.793 | 32.1798 | 28.5582 | 18.2081 | 12.347 | 8.24904 |
focal length (mm) | 400 | 600 | 750 | 800 | 1000 | 1200 | 1600 | 1800 | 2400 | 4800 | 8000 |
viewing angle (degree) | 6.19145 | 4.12987 | 3.30441 | 3.09799 | 2.47861 | 2.0656 | 1.54928 | 1.37715 | 1.03289 | 0.516454 | 0.309874 |
在提到焦距以后,就容易提到一个概念,也就是透视。但是就像前面说的,焦距只是决定了像的大小,你拿任何一张照片,然后裁切一下,透视关系都不会有变化。焦距也一样,只不过这是一个原生的裁切。你完全可以拿一支广角镜头,然后以香港记者的速度跑远点拍摄然后裁切。虽然画质不得行,但是和原生使用一个更长的焦距的镜头,应该是差不多的。当然你也可以拿一些长焦的镜头搞个阵列然后回去拼接这种怪事。
焦距并不直接决定透视关系,透视关系的核心在于镜头的焦距越长,视场角越小。视场角越小,要将同样一个被摄物体占画面相同比例,就需要距离被摄物体更远,这才产生了透视关系的变化。所以,平时说的50mm镜头的透视和人眼接近,实际上描述的内容只是,通常在使用50mm镜头的时候,距离被摄物体的距离和人正常的状态比较接近。
顺便,你可以发现,每当焦距翻一倍,让一个同样大小的被摄物体保持在像面上相同大小,和被摄物体的距离也就需要增加一倍,因为焦距增加一倍以后,像面上物体也变大了一倍。
既然镜头的焦距本身是一个类似于物理上的像距的概念,而通常镜头的对焦都是直接移动镜组实现的。很明显在这里,是一个很典型的改变像距来改变物距这个方式来实现对焦的。而像距也等同于一半所说的镜头焦距,在不同对焦距离上,镜头的焦距实际上发生了变化。众所周知,要实现更近的对焦距离,就需要将镜组前移,增加像距,也就是增加了镜头的焦距。所以就很自然的,在不同的对焦距离变化就容易发现镜头的视场角也有变化,这也就是呼吸效应。
而人眼就是一个固定像距的系统,人眼是通过改变晶状体的物理焦距,来实现不改变像距下改变物距。所以,人眼就不会有呼吸效应,因为人眼的镜头焦距是一个固定的数,是一个真正的定焦镜头,即使物理上的焦距事在对焦过程中变化的。
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